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Announcing ncurses 6.1
Overview
The ncurses (new curses) library is a free software emulation of
curses in System V Release 4.0 (SVr4), and more. It uses terminfo
format, supports pads and color and multiple highlights and forms
characters and function-key mapping, and has all the other SVr4-curses
enhancements over BSD curses. SVr4 curses became the basis of X/Open
Curses.
In mid-June 1995, the maintainer of 4.4BSD curses declared that he
considered 4.4BSD curses obsolete, and encouraged the keepers of unix
releases such as BSD/OS, FreeBSD and NetBSD to switch over to ncurses.
Since 1995, ncurses has been ported to many systems:
* It is used in almost every system based on the Linux kernel (aside
from some embedded applications).
* It is used as the system curses library on OpenBSD, FreeBSD and
OSX.
* It is used in environments such as Cygwin and MinGW. The first of
these was EMX on OS/2 Warp.
* It is used (though usually not as the system curses) on all of the
vendor unix systems, e.g., AIX, HP-UX, IRIX64, SCO, Solaris,
Tru64.
* It should work readily on any ANSI/POSIX-conforming unix.
The distribution includes the library and support utilities, including
* [1]captoinfo, a termcap conversion tool
* [2]clear, utility for clearing the screen
* [3]infocmp, the terminfo decompiler
* [4]tabs, set tabs on a terminal
* [5]tic, the terminfo compiler
* [6]toe, list (table of) terminfo entries
* [7]tput, utility for retrieving terminal capabilities in shell
scripts
* [8]tset, to initialize the terminal
Full manual pages are provided for the library and tools.
The ncurses distribution is available at ncurses' [9]homepage:
[10]ftp://ftp.invisible-island.net/ncurses/ or
[11]https://invisible-mirror.net/archives/ncurses/ .
It is also available via anonymous FTP at the GNU distribution site
[12]ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ncurses/ .
Release Notes
These notes are for ncurses 6.1, released January 27, 2018.
This release is designed to be source-compatible with ncurses 5.0
through 6.0; providing extensions to the application binary interface
(ABI). Although the source can still be configured to support the
ncurses 5 ABI, the intent of the release is to provide extensions to
the ncurses 6 ABI:
* improve integration of tput and tset
* provide support for extended numeric capabilities.
There are, of course, numerous other improvements, listed in this
announcement.
The release notes also mention some bug-fixes, but are focused on new
features and improvements to existing features since ncurses 6.0
release.
Library improvements
New features
The improved integration of tput and tset made only small changes to
the libraries. However, supporting extended numeric capabilities
required a few changes:
* The TERMINAL structure in <term.h> is now opaque. Doing that
allowed making the structure larger, to hold the extended numeric
data.
A few applications required changes during development of
ncurses 6.1 because those applications misused the members of that
structure, e.g., directly modifying it rather than using
[13]def_prog_mode.
* Having made TERMINAL opaque (and because none of the library
functions use anything except a pointer to TERMINAL), it was
possible to increase the size of the structure, adding to the end.
Existing applications which were linked to the ncurses 6.0
high-level (ncurses, ncursesw) and low-level (tinfo, tinfo)
libraries should not require re-linking since the binary interface
did not change, nor did the structure offsets with TERMINAL
change.
A few applications use the inner TERMTYPE structure's offsets to
refer to terminfo capabilities within that structure. Again, those
do not require modification because their offsets within TERMINAL
did not change.
* When configured for wide-characters, i.e., "ncursesw" the TERMINAL
structure is extended.
The new data in TERMINAL holds the same information as TERMTYPE,
but with larger numbers ("int" versus "short"). It is named
TERMTYPE2.
The library uses this structure internally in preference to
TERMTYPE, referring to TERMTYPE only to initialize it for
applications that use the capabilities defined in <term.h>
* When configured for 8-bit (narrow) characters, the TERMTYPE2
structure is not used.
* The updated application binary interface is 6.1.20171230 (used for
new [14]versioned symbols), although the interface changes were
developed several months previously.
The motivation for making this extension came from noticing that
[15]termcap applications could (though not [16]realistically) use
larger numbers than would fit in 16-bits, and the fact that the number
of color pairs for a 256-color xterm could not be expressed in
terminfo (i.e., 32767 versus 65536). Also, a few terminals support
direct-colors, which could use the extension.
Generally speaking, applications that use internal details of a
library are unsupported. There was exactly one exception for ncurses:
the tack program used the internal details of TERMINAL, because it
provides an ncurses-specific feature for interactively modifying a
terminfo description and writing the updated description to a
text-file. It was possible to not only separate tack from these
[17]internal details of ncurses, but to generalize it so that the
program works with Unix curses (omitting the ncurses-specific
feature). That was released as [18]tack 1.08 in July 2017.
While making changes to tack to eliminate its dependency upon ncurses
internals, the publicly-visible details of those internals were
reviewed, and some symbols were moved to private header files, while
others were marked explicitly as ncurses internals. Future releases of
ncurses may eliminate some of those symbols (such as those used by
tack 1.07) because they are neither part of the API or the ABI.
Using the TERMTYPE2 extended numeric capabilities, it is possible to
support both color pair values and color values past 32767. Taking
compatibility into account, developers readily understand that neither
function signatures nor structure offsets change. Also, existing
functions have to operate with the extended numbers. Most of that work
is internal to the library. For the external interfaces, a hybrid
approach was used:
* X/Open Curses defined function prototypes such as wattr_set with
an unused parameter, for "future" use. After 25 years, the future
is here: ncurses uses the parameter to augment color pair values
as described in the [19]manual page.
* Other functions such as those defining color pairs did not have a
corresponding reserved parameter. For those, ncurses defines
extended versions such as init_extended_pair (versus init_pair),
init_extended_color (versus init_color).
Additionally, to improve performance other changes (and extensions)
are provided in this release:
* Several new functions simplify management of large sets of color
pairs: reset_color_pairs, alloc_pair, find_pair and free_pair.
* New "RGB" extension capability for direct-color support is used to
improve performance of color_content.
* The internal colorpair_t is now a struct, eliminating an internal
8-bit limit on colors
* Allocation for SCREEN's color-pair table starts small, grows on
demand up to the limit given in the terminal description.
* setcchar and getcchar now treat a negative color-pair as an error.
Other improvements
These are new or revised features:
* modify c++/etip.h.in to accommodate deprecation of throw and
throws in c++17
* add new function unfocus_current_field
* add option to preserve leading whitespace in form fields
* add a macro for is_linetouched and adjust the function's return
value to make it possible for most applications to check for an
error-return.
* add build-time utility report_offsets to help show when the
various configurations of tinfo library are compatible or not.
These were done to limit or ultimately deprecate features:
* drop two symbols obsoleted in 2004: _nc_check_termtype, and
_nc_resolve_uses
* move _nc_tracebits, _tracedump and _tracemouse to curses.priv.h,
since they are not part of the suggested ABI6.
* mark some structs in form/menu/panel libraries as potentially
opaque without modifying API/ABI.
* ifdef'd header-file definition of mouse_trafo with
NCURSES_NOMACROS
* remove initialization-check for calling napms in the term-driver
configuration; none is needed.
* modify trace to avoid overwriting existing file
These are improvements to existing features:
* modify make_hash to allow building with address-sanitizer,
assuming that --disable-leaks is configured.
* move SCREEN field for use_tioctl data before the ncursesw fields,
and limit that to the sp-funcs configuration to improve termlib
compatibility
* modify db-iterator:
+ ignore zero-length files in db-iterator; these are useful for
instance to suppress $HOME/.terminfo when not wanted.
+ modify update_getenv to ensure that environment variables
which are not initially set will be checked later if an
application happens to set them
* modify _nc_outc_wrapper to use the standard output if the screen
was not initialized, rather than returning an error.
* improve checks for low-level terminfo functions when the terminal
has not been initialized.
* modify set_curterm to update ttytype[] data used by longname/p>
* modify _nc_get_screensize to allow for use_env and use_tioctl
state to be per-screen when sp-funcs are configured, better
matching the behavior when using the term-driver configuration.
* remove an early-return from _nc_do_color, which can interfere with
data needed by bkgd when ncurses is configured with extended
colors
* incorporate A_COLOR mask into COLOR_PAIR, in case user application
provides an out-of-range pair number
* modify logic for endwin-state to be able to detect the case where
the screen was never initialized, using that to trigger a flush of
ncurses' buffer for mvcur, e.g., in the sample program dots_mvcur
for the term-driver configuration.
These are corrections to existing features:
* fixes for writing extended color pairs in putwin.
* modify no-leaks code for lib_cur_term.c to account for the tgetent
cache.
* amend handling of the repeat_char capability in EmitRange to avoid
scope creep: translate the character to the alternate character
set when the alternate character set is enabled, and do not use
repeat_char for characters past 255.
* improve wide-character implementation of myADDNSTR in
frm_driver.c, which was inconsistent with the normal
implementation.
* modify winnstr and winchnstr to return error if the output pointer
is null, as well as adding a null pointer check of the window
pointer for better compatibility with other implementations.
* modify setupterm to save original tty-modes so that erasechar
works as expected. Also modify _nc_setupscreen to avoid redundant
calls to get original tty-modes.
* modify wattr_set and wattr_get to return ERR if win-parameter is
null, as documented.
* correct order of initialization for traces in use_env and
use_tioctl versus first _tracef calls.
* correct parameters for copywin call in _nc_Synchronize_Attributes
* flush the standard output in _nc_flush for the case where SP is
zero, e.g., when called via putp. This fixes a scenario where
"tput flash" did not work after changes in 20130112.
* amend internal use of tputs to consistently use the number of
lines affected, e.g., for insert/delete character operations.
While merging terminfo source early in 1995, several descriptions
used the "*" proportional delay for these operations, prompting a
change in doupdate.
* correct return-value of extended putwin.
* double-width multibyte characters were not counted properly in
winsnstr and wins_nwstr.
* amend fix for _nc_ripoffline from 20091031 to make test/ditto.c
work in threaded configuration.
* modify _nc_viscbuf2 and _tracecchar_t2 to trace wide-characters as
a whole rather than their multibyte equivalents.
* minor fix in wadd_wchnstr to ensure that each cell has nonzero
width.
* move PUTC_INIT calls next to wcrtomb calls, to avoid carry-over of
error status when processing Unicode values which are not mapped.
* add missing assignment in lib_getch.c to make notimeout work
Program improvements
While reviewing user feedback, it became apparent that the differences
between [20]reset (an alias for tset) and "tput reset" were confusing:
* one ([21]tset) updated the terminal modes, but used only part of
the terminfo capabilities for initialization, while
* the other ([22]tput) used all of the terminal capabilities while
neglecting the terminal modes.
On further investigation, it turned out that the differences were
largely an accident due to the way those programs had evolved.
This release eliminates the unnecessary differences, using the same
approach for tput's init (initialization), reset and clear operations
as the separate [23]reset and [24]clear programs. Doing this does not
change the command-line options; existing scripts are unaffected.
These are the user-visible changes for the three programs (tput, tset
and clear):
* add the terminal-mode parts of "reset" (aka tset) to the "tput
reset" command, making the two almost the same except for
window-size.
* improve tput's check for being called as "init" or "reset" to
allow for transformed names.
* add "clear" as a possible link/alias to tput.
* amend changes for tput to reset tty modes to "sane" if the program
is run as "reset", like tset. Likewise, ensure that tset sends
either reset- or init-strings.
* add -x option to clear/tput to make the E3 extension optional
* add functionality of "tset -w" to tput, like the "-c" feature this
is not optional in tput.
* add options -T and -V to clear command for compatibility with
tput.
* drop long-obsolete "-n" option from tset.
* modify tset's assignment to TERM in its output to reflect the name
by which the terminal description is found, rather than the
primary name. That was an unnecessary part from the initial
conversion of tset from termcap to terminfo. The termcap library
in 4.3BSD did this to avoid using the short 2-character name
* remove a restriction in tput's support for termcap names which
omitted capabilities normally not shown in termcap translations
* add usage message to clear command
* improve usage messages for tset and tput.
Other user-visible improvements and new features include:
* modify tic/infocmp display of numeric values to use hexadecimal
when they are "close" to a power of two, making the result more
readable.
* add "-W" option to tic/infocmp to force long strings to wrap.
+ This is in addition to the "-w" option which attempts to fit
capabilities into a given line-length.
+ If "-f" option splits line, do not further split it with
"-W".
+ Begin a new line when adding "use=" after a wrapped line.
* add "-q" option to infocmp to suppress the "Reconstructed from"
comment from the header, and a corresponding option to tic to
suppress all comments from the "tic -I" output.
* Sorted options in usage message for infocmp, to make it simpler to
see unused letters.
* Updated usage message for tic, adding "-0" option.
* add infocmp/tic "-Q" option, which allows one to dump the compiled
form of the terminal entry, in hexadecimal or base64:
+ A "b64:" prefix in the TERMINFO variable tells the terminfo
reader to use base64 according to RFC-3548 as well as
RFC-4648 url/filename-safe format.
+ A "hex:" prefix tells the terminfo reader to accept
hexadecimal data as generated by "infocmp -0qQ1".
Other less-visible improvements and new features include:
* modify utility headers such as tic.h to make it clearer which are
externals that are used by tack.
* add "reset" to list of programs whose names might change in
manpages due to program-transformation configure options.
* modify "-T" option of clear and tput to call use_tioctl to obtain
the operating system's notion of the screensize if possible.
* add check in tput for init/reset operands to ensure those use a
terminal.
* modify programs clear, tabs, tput and tset to pass the actual tty
file descriptor to setupterm rather than the standard output or
error, making padding work.
* change tset's initialization to allow it to get settings from the
standard input as well as /dev/tty, to be more effective when
output or error are redirected.
* amend check in tput, tabs and clear to allow those to use the
database-only features in cron if a "-T" option gives a suitable
terminal name.
* improve error message from tset/reset when both stderr/stdout are
redirected to a file or pipe.
Several of the less apparent features deal with translation of
terminfo to termcap (and the reverse), with corresponding checks by
tic:
* modify check in fmt_entry to handle a cancelled reset string. Make
similar fixes in other parts of dump_entry.c and tput.c
* correct read of terminfo entry in which all strings are absent or
explicitly cancelled. Before this fix, the result was that all
were treated as only absent.
* modify infocmp to suppress mixture of absent/cancelled
capabilities that would only show as "NULL, NULL", unless the "-q"
option is used, e.g., to show "-, @" or "@, -".
* correct a warning from tic about keys which are the same, to skip
over missing/cancelled values.
* add check in tic for use of bold, etc., video attributes in the
color capabilities, accounting whether the feature is listed in
ncv.
* add check in tic for unnecessary use of "2" to denote a shifted
special key.
* improve check in tic for delays by also warning about beep/flash
when a delay is not embedded, or if those use the VT100 reverse
video escape without using a delay.
* improve checks in trim_sgr0, comp_parse.c and parse_entry.c, for
cancelled string capabilities.
* add check in tic for some syntax errors of delays, as well as use
of proportional delays for non-line capabilities.
* add check in tic for conflict between ritm, rmso, rmul versus
sgr0.
* add check in _nc_parse_entry for invalid entry name, setting the
name to "invalid" to avoid problems storing entries.
* improve _nc_tparm_analyze, using that to extend the checks made by
tic for reporting inconsistencies between the expected number of
parameters for a capability and the actual.
* remove tic warning about "^?" in string capabilities, which was
marked as an extension; however all Unix implementations support
this and X/Open Curses does not address it. On the other hand,
[25]BSD termcap did not support this feature (until the
[26]mid-1990s).
in _nc_infotocap, added a check to ensure that terminfo "^?" is
not written to termcap.
* modify sscanf calls in _nc_infotocap for patterns "%{number}%+%c"
and "%'char'%+%c" to check that the final character is really "c",
avoiding a case in icl6404 which cannot be converted to termcap.
* in _nc_tic_expand and _nc_infotocap, improved string-length check
when deciding whether to use "^X" or "\xxx" format for control
characters, to make the output of tic/infocmp more predictable.
* limited termcap "%d" width to 2 digits on input, and use "%2" in
preference to "%02" on output.
* correct terminfo/termcap conversion of "%02" and "%03" into "%2"
and "%3"; the result repeated the last character.
Examples
Along with the library and utilities, many improvements were made to
the [27]ncurses-examples.
These changes were made to demonstrate new extensions in ncurses:
* add demo_new_pair program, to demonstrate [28]alloc_pair,
[29]find_pair and [30]free_pair functions.
This program iterates over the possible color combinations,
allocating or initializing color pairs. For best results, choose
screen-width dividing evenly into the number of colors. e.g.,
32x64,32x128 256 colors
24x44,24x88 88 colors
32x64,24x128 16 colors
* add extended_color program, like the older color_set program, but
using the extended color functions, with and without the
SP-functions interface.
* add picsmap program to fill in some testing issues not met by
dots, using this as the third example in a comparison of the
[31]ncurses versus slang libraries.
The program can directly read X bitmap and pixmap files,
displaying a picture. It can read other image files using
ImageMagick's convert program to translate the image into text.
For 16-, 88- and 256-color terminal descriptions, picsmap can load
a palette file which tells it which color palette entries to use.
For direct-colors, the terminal descriptions use the RGB extension
capability.
There are other new example programs and a few scripts:
* add dots_xcurses program to illustrate a different approach used
for extended colors which can be contrasted with dots_curses.
* add list_keys program show function keys for one or more terminal
descriptions. It uses ncurses's convention of modifiers for
special keys, based on xterm.
* add padview program, to compare pads with direct updates in the
view program.
* add sp_tinfo program to exercise the SP-functions extension of the
low-level terminfo library.
* add test-programs for termattrs and term_attrs functions.
* add test_sgr program to exercise all combinations of the sgr
capability.
* add tput-colorcube demo script, imitating xterm's 88- and
256-color scripts using tput.
* add tput-initc script to demonstrate how tput may be used to
initialize a color palette from a data file.
A variety of improvements were made to existing programs, both new
features as well as options added to make the set of programs more
consistent.
The ncurses program is the largest; a proportionately large number of
changes were made to it:
* modify a/A screens to make exiting on an escape character depend
on the start of keypad and timeout modes, to allow better testing
of function-keys.
add "t" toggle for notimeout function.
* modify layout of b/B screens to allow for additional annotation on
the right margin; some terminals with partial support did not
display well.
* modify c/C screens to allow for extended color pairs.
add z/Z zoom feature to make extended color pairs easier to test.
modify test-screens to take advantage of wide screens, reducing
the number of lines used for 88- and 256-colors.
* modify "d" edit-color screen to optionally read xterm color
palette directly from terminal, as well as handling KEY_RESIZE and
screen-repainting with control/L and control/R.
* add examples to "F" screen for WACS_D_PLUS and WACS_T_PLUS.
* improve "g" screen, correcting ifdef which made the legend not
reflect changes to keypad- and scroll-modes. Added check for
return-value of putwin.
* make "s" test easier to understand which subtests are available
add a corresponding "S" wide-character overlap test-screen.
* add "v" screen to show baudrate and other values.
These changes were made to the other examples:
* modify blue program to use Unicode values for card-glyphs when
available, as well as improving the check for CP437 and CP850.
* improve demo_menus program, allowing mouse-click on the
menu-headers to switch the active menu. This requires a new
extension option O_MOUSE_MENU to tell the menu driver to put mouse
events which do not apply to the active menu back into the queue
so that the application can handle the event.
* correct logic in demo_terminfo program for "-f" option
* modify ditto program to allow $XTERM_PROG environment variable to
override "xterm" as the name of the program to run in the threaded
configuration.
* add several options to the "dots" test-programs.
* modify filter program:
+ illustrate an alternative to getnstr, that polls for input
while updating a clock on the right margin as well as
responding to window size-changes.
+ adapt logic used in [32]dialog [33]"--keep-tite" option for
filter program as the "-a" option. When set, filter attempts
to suppress the alternate screen.
* modify knight program to provide the "slow" solution for small
screens using "R", noting that Warnsdorf's method is easily done
with "a".
* modify the savescreen program to add test patterns that exercise
88-, 256-, etc., colors.
* add options to test_arrays, for selecting termcap vs terminfo,
etc.
* modify the view program:
+ expand tabs using the ncurses library rather than in the
test-program.
+ eliminate the "-n" option by simply reading the whole file.
+ implement page up/down commands.
+ remove the very old SIGWINCH example; just use KEY_RESIZE.
* improve animation in xmas program by adding a time-delay in
blinkit.
* modify several test-programs which call use_default_colors to
consistently do this only if the "-d" option is given.
* modify the install-rule for ncurses-examples to put the data files
in the data directory, e.g., /usr/share/ncurses-examples.
* modify several test programs to use new popup_msgs function,
adapted from the help-screen used in the edit_field program.
* modify test data for xterm palettes to use the newer
color4/color12 values.
* improve the tracemunch script:
+ show screenXX pointers and thread identifiers as names.
+ chang address-parameters of add_wch, color_content and
pair_content to dummy parameters.
Terminal database
There are several new terminal descriptions:
dumb-emacs-ansi, dvtm, dvtm-256color, fbterm, iterm2, linux-m1
minitel entries, putty-noapp, viewdata, and vt100+4bsd
building-block.
xterm+noalt, xterm+titlestack, xterm+alt1049, xterm+alt+title
building blocks and xterm+direct, xterm+indirect, xterm-direct.
from [34]xterm patch #331.
several other "-direct" descriptions to address the differences of
other terminal emulators versus xterm-direct.
There are many changes to existing terminal descriptions. Some were
updates to several descriptions:
* use xterm+sm+1006 in several terminal descriptions which were
validated as supporting the extended mouse feature for their
respective terminal emulators.
* corrected sgr/sgr0 strings in a few cases reported by tic, making
those correspond to the non-sgr settings where they differ, but
otherwise use ECMA-48 consistently.
* add 0.1sec mandatory delay to flash capabilities using the VT100
reverse-video control
while others affected specific descriptions. These were retested, to
take into account new/undocumented changes by their developers:
iterm, minitel, st, viewdata, nsterm
while these are specific fixes based on user reports, or warnings from
tic:
[35]ansi building blocks
+ restored rmir/smir in ansi+idc to better match original
ansiterm+idc, add alias ansiterm
[36]icl6402
+ corrected missing comma-separator between string capabilities
in icl6402 and m2-nam
[37]interix
+ updated using tack and SFU with Windows 7 Ultimate.
+ used ^? for kdch1
[38]linux
+ made linux3.0 entry the default linux entry
+ modify linux2.6 entry to improve line-drawing so that the
linux3.0 entry can be used in non-UTF-8 mode
+ omitted selection of ISO-8859-1 for G0 in enacs capability
from linux2.6 entry, to avoid conflict with the user-defined
mapping. The reset feature uses ISO-8859-1 in any case.
+ modify flash capability for linux and wyse entries to put the
delay between the reverse/normal escapes rather than after
+ modify linux-16color to not mask dim, standout or reverse
with the ncv capability
[39]pccon entries
+ fixed some inconsistencies in the pccon* entries
+ add bold to pccon+sgr+acs and pccon-base
+ add keys f12-f124 to pccon+keys
[40]tmux
+ corrected sgr string, which used screen's "standout" code
rather than the standard code.
+ add settings corresponding to xterm-keys option to reflect
upcoming change to make that option "on" by default
+ uncanceled Ms
[41]vt100
+ modify vt100 rs2 string to reset vt52 mode and scrolling
regions
+ corrected rs2 string for vt100-nam
+ made minor fixes for vt100+4bsd, e.g., delay in sgr for
consistency
[42]vte
+ moved SGR 24 and 27 from vte-2014 to vte-2012
+ add a few capabilities fixed in recent VTE development
[43]xterm
+ add rep to xterm-new, available since [44]late 1996.
+ modify xterm+256color and xterm+256setaf to use correct
number of color pairs.
+ modify rs1 for xterm-16color, xterm-88color and
xterm-256color to reset palette using oc string as in linux
entry.
+ add rs1 capability to xterm-256color
+ add oc capability to xterm+256color, allowing palette reset
for xterm
+ add op to xterm+256setaf
+ modify xterm-r5, xterm-r6 and xterm-xf86-v32 to use xterm+kbs
to match [45]xterm #272, reflecting packager's changes
+ used ANSI reply for u8 in xterm-new, to reflect vt220-style
responses that could be returned.
+ made xterm-pcolor sgr consistent with other capabilities
A few entries use extensions (user-defined terminal capabilities):
* add rmxx/smxx ECMA-48 strikeout extension to tmux and xterm-basic
* used RGB capability in new *-direct entries to denote direct-color
feature.
Documentation
As usual, this release
* improves documentation by describing new features,
* attempts to improve the description of features which users have
found confusing
* fills in overlooked descriptions of features which were described
in the [46]NEWS file but treated sketchily in manual pages.
In particular,
* Since the underlying features for [47]tset, [48]tput, and
[49]clear have been better integrated, the documentation now
includes information on how those tools evolved.
In addition to explaining the improved integration of the tools,
the manual pages made it easier to see how the tools are similar
and how they are different.
* The addch manual page has additional information on
[50]portability and differences from other implementations.
* The discussion of color-pairs in the attributes manual page is
improved in its [51]history section.
* The documentation of the chtype, cchar_t types and the attribute
values which can be stored in those types, in particular the
[52]history and [53]portability sections of the attributes manual
page, has been improved.
* improve discussion of [54]portability in the mouse manual.
* The pad manual page has a section on the [55]origin and
portability of pads.
* Differences between SVr4 and X/Open Curses soft-keys are discussed
in a new section on [56]portability.
* There are updated/improved notes on portability in the
[57]resizeterm and [58]wresize manual pages.
In addition to providing background information to explain these
features and show how they evolved, there are corrections,
clarifications, etc.:
* add note in the [59]addch manual about line-drawing when it
depends upon UTF-8.
* improve discussion of line-drawing characters in the [60]add_wch
manual.
* explain in [61]clear's manual page that it writes to the standard
output.
* improve description of [62]endwin.
* improve discussion of field validation in the [63]form driver
manual page.
* clarify the use of wint_t vs wchar_t in [64]get_wstr manual page.
* clarify in the [65]getch manual that the keypad mode affects an
application's ability to read KEY_MOUSE codes, but does not affect
KEY_RESIZE.
trim some obsolete/incorrect wording about EINTR from the getch
manual page
improve manual pages for [66]getch and [67]get_wch to point out
that they might return user-defined values which have no
predefined names in <curses.h>
* improve description of the -R option in the [68]infocmp manual
page
* clarify in the [69]resizeterm manual page how KEY_RESIZE is pushed
onto the input stream.
* document return value of [70]use_extended_names
* document differences in [71]ESCDELAY versus AIX's implementation
in the variables manual page.
* The _nc_free_tinfo function is now documented in the
[72]memory-leaks manual page, because it could be used in tack for
memory-leak checking.
* add a note to the [73]tic manual page about -W versus -f options.
* improve terminfo manual description of [74]terminfo syntax.
improve terminfo manual page discussion of [75]control- and
graphics- characters.
improve [76]color-handling section in terminfo manual page
* clarify description in [77]tput manual page regarding support for
termcap names
update [78]tput manual page to reflect changes to manipulate
terminal modes by sharing functions with tset.
* clarify in manual pages that the optional verbose option level of
[79]tic and [80]infocmp is available only when ncurses is
configured for tracing.
* improve manual page description of [81]tset/reset versus
window-size.
* improve description of [82]tgoto parameters
There are new manual pages:
* [83]user_caps documents the terminfo extensions used by ncurses.
* [84]scr_dump documents the screen-dump format.
Some of the improvements are more subtle, relating to the way the
information is presented:
* Made minor fixes to manpage NAME/SYNOPSIS sections to consistently
use rule that either all functions which are prototyped in
SYNOPSIS are listed in the NAME section, or the manual-page name
is the sole item listed in the NAME section. The latter is used to
reduce clutter, e.g., for the top-level library manual pages as
well as for certain feature-pages such as [85]SP-funcs and
[86]threading.
* improve manual pages for utilities with respect to POSIX versus
X/Open Curses.
* improve organization of the [87]attributes and [88]color manual
pages.
Interesting bug-fixes
* modify toe to not exit if unable to read a terminal description,
e.g., if there is a permission problem.
* correct 20100515 change for weak signals versus sigprocmask
* work around Ada tool-breakage in Debian 9 and later by invoking
gprconfig to specify the C compiler to be used by gnatmake, and
conditionally suppressing Library_Options line for static
libraries.
* There were, as well, several bug-fixes to handle illegal input for
tic. Because those did not correspond to useful terminal
descriptions, most users are unaffected.
Configuration changes
Major changes
This release provides a new binary format for terminal descriptions
that use extended numeric capabilities. Applications built with the
wide-character ncursesw library can use these extended numbers.
* This includes utilities such as tic and infocmp, because (as noted
in [89]New features), the feature relies upon an extension to the
low-level tinfo library.
* A few software packagers use a configuration option of ncurses
which allows the low-level tinfo library to be shared between the
high-level ncurses and ncursesw libraries. This new feature was
designed to work in that configuration as well.
Other applications (i.e., using the 8-bit ncurses library) which read
the extended terminal descriptions see those numeric capabilities set
to the maximum value for a signed 16-bit number.
Older versions of ncurses' tic accept out-of-range numeric
capabilities, storing those as the maximum value for a signed 16-bit
number. Other implementations of curses (mentioned in the discussion
of [90]picsmap) give zero for these out-of-range capabilities.
Configuration options
These changes provide support for tack 1.08, released in [91]July
2017:
* add --without-tack configure option to refine --with-progs
configure option. Normally tack is built outside the ncurses tree,
but a few packagers combine it during the build. If term_entry.h
is installed, there is no advantage to in-tree builds.
* adjust configure-script to define HAVE_CURSES_DATA_BOOLNAMES
symbol needed for tack 1.08 when built in-tree. Rather than
relying upon internal "_nc_" functions, tack now uses the boolean,
number and string capability name-arrays provided by ncurses and
SVr4 Unix curses. It still uses term_entry.h for the definitions
of the extended capability arrays.
* add dependency upon ncurses_cfg.h to tic's header-files; any
program using tic-library will have to supply this file. Legacy
tack versions supply this file; ongoing tack development has
dropped the dependency upon tic-library and new releases will not
be affected.
Other changes to the configure-script and generated files include
* add configure options to disable checks for form, menu and panel
libraries so that ncurses-examples can be built with non-SVr4
curses implementations.
* add configure option --enable-opaque-curses for ncurses library
and similar options for the other libraries.
* add configure option --disable-wattr-macros for use in cases where
one wants to use the same headers for ncurses5/ncurses6
development, by suppressing the wattr* macros which differ due to
the introduction of extended colors
* modify configure macro for shared-library rules to use -Wl,-rpath
rather than -rpath to work around a bug in scons
* improve ncurses-examples' configure script to define as needed
NCURSES_WIDECHAR for platforms where _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED does
not work. Also modified the test program to ensure that if
building with ncurses, that the cchar_t type is checked, since
that is normally (since [92]20111030) ifdef'd depending on this
test.
* modify configure script to handle the case where tic-library is
renamed, but the --with-debug option is used by itself without
normal or shared libraries
* modify editing script which generates resulting.map to work with
the clang configuration on recent FreeBSD, which gives an error on
an empty "local" section.
* improve configure check for setting the WILDCARD_SYMS variable; on
ppc64 the variable is in the Data section rather than Text.
* correct result of configure option --without-fallbacks, which
caused FALLBACK_LIST to be set to "no"
* modify --with-pkg-config-libdir option to make it possible to
install ".pc" files even if pkg-config is not found. Limit this
change, to suppress the actual install if it is not overridden to
a valid directory at install time.
* disallow "no" as a possible value for --with-shlib-version option,
overlooked in cleanup-changes for [93]20000708.
Portability
Many of the portability changes are implemented via the configure
script:
* improve configure script's CF_CC_ENV_FLAGS macro to allow for
compiler wrappers such as ccache. This change moves only the
preprocessor, optimization and warning flags to CPPFLAGS and
CFLAGS, leaving the residue in CC. That happens to work for gcc's
various "model" options, but may require tuning for other
compilers.
* modify ncurses-examples' configure script to use pkg-config for
the extra form/menu/panel libraries, to be more consistent with
the handling of the curses/ncurses library.
* add configuration checks to build with [94]NetBSD curses, which
for example lacks [95]use_env.
* change ncurses-examples to use attr_t vs chtype to follow X/Open
documentation more closely since Solaris xpg4-curses uses
different values for WA_xxx vs A_xxx that rely on attr_t being an
unsigned short. Tru64 aka OSF1, HPUX, AIX did as ncurses does,
equating the two sets.
* modify several test programs to reflect that ncurses honors
existing signal handlers in initscr, while other implementations
do not.
* add configure check for openpty to ncurses-examples' configure
script, for ditto.
* improve check for working poll function by using posix_openpt as a
fallback in case there is no valid terminal on the standard input
* modify ncurses-examples' configure script to check for pthread
dependency of ncursest or ncursestw library when building the
ncurses examples, e.g., in case weak symbols are used.
* add checks in ncurses-examples' configure script for some
functions neither in 4.3BSD curses, nor based on X/Open Curses:
+ modify a loop limit in firework.c to work around absense of
limit checks in some libraries.
+ fill the last row of a window with "?" in firstlast if waddch
does not return ERR on the lower-right corner.
* build-fixes for the Portland Group (PGI) compilers
+ accept whitespace in sed expression for generating expanded.c
+ modify configure check that g++ compiler warnings are not
used.
+ add configure check for -fPIC option needed for shared
libraries.
* modify configure script for clang as used on FreeBSD, to work
around clang's differences in exit codes vs gcc.
* fixes for configure/build using clang on OSX
+ do not redefine "inline" in ncurses_cfg.h; this was
originally to solve a problem with gcc/g++, but is aggravated
by clang's misuse of symbols to pretend it is gcc.
+ add braces to configure script to prevent unwanted addition
of "-lstdc++" option to the CXXLIBS symbol.
+ improve/update test-program used for checking existence of
stdc++ library.
+ if $CXXLIBS is set, the linkage test uses that in addition to
$LIBS.
* fixes for OS/2:
+ use button instead of kbuf[0] in EMX-specific part of
lib_mouse.c
+ support building with libtool on OS/2
+ use stdc++ library with OS/2 kLIBC
+ clear configure script's cf_XOPEN_SOURCE for OS/2, to work
with its header files
* add "newer" baudrate symbols to the [96]baudrate function in the
ncurses library as well as to a corresponding table in tset.
* modify ncurses-examples savescreen to work with AIX and HPUX.
* define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN for MinGW port, making builds faster.
* add a configure check for wcwidth versus the ncurses line-drawing
characters, to use in special-casing systems such as Solaris.
Solaris, however, requires a special case that maps Unicode
line-drawing characters into the acsc string for non-Unicode
locales. Solaris also has a misconfigured wcwidth which marks all
of the line drawing characters as double-width.
* string-hacks (non-standard):
+ fix configure script to record when strlcat is found on
OpenBSD.
+ add --enable-string-hacks option to ncurses-examples'
configure script.
+ completed string-hacks for sprintf, etc., including the
ncurses-examples programs.
+ make --enable-string-hacks option work with Debian by
checking for the "bsd" library and its associated
"<bsd/string.h>" header.
* workaround for Debian's antique/unmaintained version of mawk:
+ see Debian #65617, which was fixed in mawk's upstream
releases in [97]2009.
+ related fixes when building link_test.
_________________________________________________________________
Features of ncurses
The ncurses package is fully upward-compatible with SVr4 (System V
Release 4) curses:
* All of the SVr4 calls have been implemented (and are documented).
* ncurses supports all of the for SVr4 curses features including
keyboard mapping, color, forms-drawing with ACS characters, and
automatic recognition of keypad and function keys.
* ncurses provides these SVr4 add-on libraries (not part of X/Open
Curses):
+ the panels library, supporting a stack of windows with
backing store.
+ the menus library, supporting a uniform but flexible
interface for menu programming.
+ the form library, supporting data collection through
on-screen forms.
* ncurses's terminal database is fully compatible with that used by
SVr4 curses.
+ ncurses supports user-defined capabilities which it can see,
but which are hidden from SVr4 curses applications using the
same terminal database.
+ It can be optionally configured to match the format used in
related systems such as AIX and Tru64.
+ Alternatively, ncurses can be configured to use hashed
databases rather than the directory of files used by SVr4
curses.
* The ncurses utilities have options to allow you to filter terminfo
entries for use with less capable curses/terminfo versions such as
the HP/UX and AIX ports.
The ncurses package also has many useful extensions over SVr4:
* The API is 8-bit clean and base-level conformant with the X/OPEN
curses specification, XSI curses (that is, it implements all BASE
level features, and most EXTENDED features). It includes many
function calls not supported under SVr4 curses (but portability of
all calls is documented so you can use the SVr4 subset only).
* Unlike SVr3 curses, ncurses can write to the rightmost-bottommost
corner of the screen if your terminal has an insert-character
capability.
* Ada95 and C++ bindings.
* Support for mouse event reporting with X Window xterm and FreeBSD
and OS/2 console windows.
* Extended mouse support via Alessandro Rubini's gpm package.
* The function wresize allows you to resize windows, preserving
their data.
* The function use_default_colors allows you to use the terminal's
default colors for the default color pair, achieving the effect of
transparent colors.
* The functions keyok and define_key allow you to better control the
use of function keys, e.g., disabling the ncurses KEY_MOUSE, or by
defining more than one control sequence to map to a given key
code.
* Support for 256-color terminals, such as modern xterm.
* Support for 16-color terminals, such as aixterm and modern xterm.
* Better cursor-movement optimization. The package now features a
cursor-local-movement computation more efficient than either BSD's
or System V's.
* Super hardware scrolling support. The screen-update code
incorporates a novel, simple, and cheap algorithm that enables it
to make optimal use of hardware scrolling, line-insertion, and
line-deletion for screen-line movements. This algorithm is more
powerful than the 4.4BSD curses quickch routine.
* Real support for terminals with the magic-cookie glitch. The
screen-update code will refrain from drawing a highlight if the
magic- cookie unattributed spaces required just before the
beginning and after the end would step on a non-space character.
It will automatically shift highlight boundaries when doing so
would make it possible to draw the highlight without changing the
visual appearance of the screen.
* It is possible to generate the library with a list of pre-loaded
fallback entries linked to it so that it can serve those terminal
types even when no terminfo tree or termcap file is accessible
(this may be useful for support of screen-oriented programs that
must run in single-user mode).
* The [98]tic/[99]captoinfo utility provided with ncurses has the
ability to translate many termcaps from the XENIX, IBM and AT&T
extension sets.
* A BSD-like [100]tset utility is provided.
* The ncurses library and utilities will automatically read terminfo
entries from $HOME/.terminfo if it exists, and compile to that
directory if it exists and the user has no write access to the
system directory. This feature makes it easier for users to have
personal terminfo entries without giving up access to the system
terminfo directory.
* You may specify a path of directories to search for compiled
descriptions with the environment variable TERMINFO_DIRS (this
generalizes the feature provided by TERMINFO under stock System
V.)
* In terminfo source files, use capabilities may refer not just to
other entries in the same source file (as in System V) but also to
compiled entries in either the system terminfo directory or the
user's $HOME/.terminfo directory.
* The table-of-entries utility [101]toe makes it easy for users to
see exactly what terminal types are available on the system.
* The library meets the XSI requirement that every macro entry point
have a corresponding function which may be linked (and will be
prototype-checked) if the macro definition is disabled with
#undef.
* Extensive documentation is provided (see the [102]Additional
Reading section of the [103]ncurses FAQ for online documentation).
Applications using ncurses
The ncurses distribution includes a selection of test programs
(including a few games). These are available separately as
[104]ncurses-examples
The ncurses library has been tested with a wide variety of
applications including:
aptitude
FrontEnd to Apt, the debian package manager
[105]https://wiki.debian.org/Aptitude
cdk
Curses Development Kit
[106]https://invisible-island.net/cdk/
ded
directory-editor
[107]https://invisible-island.net/ded/
dialog
the underlying application used in Slackware's setup, and the
basis for similar install/configure applications on many
systems.
[108]https://invisible-island.net/dialog/
lynx
the text WWW browser
[109]https://lynx.invisible-island.net/
mutt
mail utility
[110]http://www.mutt.org/
ncftp
file-transfer utility
[111]https://www.ncftp.com/
nvi
New vi uses ncurses.
[112]https://sites.google.com/a/bostic.com/keithbostic/vi
ranger
A console file manager with VI key bindings in Python.
[113]https://ranger.github.io/
tin
newsreader, supporting color, MIME
[114]http://www.tin.org/
vifm
File manager with vi like keybindings
[115]https://vifm.info/
as well as some that use ncurses for the terminfo support alone:
minicom
terminal emulator for serial modem connections
[116]https://alioth.debian.org/projects/minicom/
mosh
a replacement for ssh.
[117]https://mosh.mit.edu/
tack
terminfo action checker
[118]https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/tack.html
tmux
terminal multiplexor
[119]https://github.com/tmux/tmux/wiki
vile
vi-like-emacs may be built to use the terminfo, termcap or
curses interfaces.
[120]https://invisible-island.net/vile/
and finally, those which use only the termcap interface:
emacs
text editor
[121]https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/
less
The most commonly used pager (a program that displays text
files).
[122]http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/
screen
terminal multiplexor
[123]https://www.gnu.org/software/screen/
vim
text editor
[124]https://www.vim.org/
Development activities
Zeyd Ben-Halim started ncurses from a previous package pcurses,
written by Pavel Curtis. Eric S. Raymond continued development.
Juergen Pfeifer wrote most of the form and menu libraries. Ongoing
development work is done by [125]Thomas Dickey. Thomas Dickey also
acts as the maintainer for the Free Software Foundation, which holds
the [126]copyright on ncurses.
Contact the current maintainers at
[127]bug-ncurses@gnu.org
To join the ncurses mailing list, please write email to
[128]bug-ncurses-request@gnu.org
containing the line:
subscribe <name>@<host.domain>
This list is open to anyone interested in helping with the development
and testing of this package.
Beta versions of ncurses and patches to the current release are made
available at
[129]ftp://ftp.invisible-island.net/ncurses/ and
[130]https://invisible-mirror.net/archives/ncurses/ .
There is an archive of the mailing list here:
[131]http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-ncurses (also
[132]https)
Related resources
The release notes make scattered references to these pages, which may
be interesting by themselves:
* [133]ncurses licensing
* [134]Symbol versioning in ncurses
* [135]Comments on ncurses versus slang (S-Lang)
* [136]tack - terminfo action checker
* [137]tctest - termcap library checker
* [138]Terminal Database
Other resources
The distribution provides a newer version of the terminfo-format
terminal description file once maintained by [139]Eric Raymond .
Unlike the older version, the termcap and terminfo data are provided
in the same file, which also provides several user-definable
extensions beyond the X/Open specification.
You can find lots of information on terminal-related topics not
covered in the terminfo file at [140]Richard Shuford's archive .
* [141]Overview
* [142]Release Notes
+ [143]Library improvements
o [144]New features
o [145]Other improvements
+ [146]Program improvements
o [147]Utilities
o [148]Examples
+ [149]Terminal database
+ [150]Documentation
+ [151]Interesting bug-fixes
+ [152]Configuration changes
o [153]Major changes
o [154]Configuration options
+ [155]Portability
* [156]Features of ncurses
* [157]Applications using ncurses
* [158]Development activities
* [159]Related resources
* [160]Other resources
References
1. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/captoinfo.1m.html
2. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/clear.1.html
3. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/infocmp.1m.html
4. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tabs.1.html
5. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tic.1m.html
6. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/toe.1m.html
7. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tput.1.html
8. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tset.1.html
9. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/
10. ftp://ftp.invisible-island.net/ncurses/
11. https://invisible-mirror.net/archives/ncurses/
12. ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ncurses/
13. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_kernel.3x.html#h3-def_prog_mode_-def_shell_mode
14. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-mapsyms.html
15. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/tctest.html#bsd42-numeric-caps
16. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-slang.html#cause_numbers
17. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/tack.html#portable
18. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/tack/CHANGES.html#index-t20170726
19. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_attr.3x.html#h2-EXTENSIONS
20. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tset.1.html#h3-reset---reinitialization
21. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tset.1.html
22. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tput.1.html
23. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tset.1.html#h3-reset---reinitialization
24. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/clear.1.html
25. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/tctest.html#bsd42-ctl-question
26. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/tctest.html#freebsd-ctl-question
27. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-examples.html
28. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/new_pair.3x.html#h3-alloc_pair
29. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/new_pair.3x.html#h3-find_pair
30. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/new_pair.3x.html#h3-free_pair
31. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-slang.html#compare_picsmap
32. https://invisible-island.net/dialog/
33. https://invisible-island.net/dialog/manpage/dialog.html#h3-Common-Options
34. https://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.log.html#xterm_331
35. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#toc-_A_N_S_I__S_Y_S__I_S_O_6429__E_C_M_A-48__Capabilities
36. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#tic-icl6404
37. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#tic-interix
38. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#toc-_Linux_consoles
39. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#toc-_Open_B_S_D_consoles
40. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#toc-_Tmux
41. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#toc-_D_E_C__V_T100_and_compatibles
42. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#toc-_G_N_O_M_E__V_T_E_
43. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#toc-_X_T_E_R_M
44. https://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.log.html#xterm_32
45. https://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.log.html#xterm_272
46. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/NEWS.html
47. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/clear.1.html#h2-HISTORY
48. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/clear.1.html#h2-HISTORY
49. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/clear.1.html#h2-HISTORY
50. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_addch.3x.html#h2-PORTABILITY
51. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_attr.3x.html#h2-HISTORY
52. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_attr.3x.html#h2-HISTORY
53. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_attr.3x.html#h2-PORTABILITY
54. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_mouse.3x.html#h2-PORTABILITY
55. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_pad.3x.html#h2-PORTABILITY
56. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_slk.3x.html#h2-PORTABILITY
57. https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/resizeterm.3x.html#h2-PORTABILITY
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